Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail

Mental Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail Title: A contemporary examination of the idea of work life balance and the impacts of the mental agreement inside the business. Equipped towards retail. An incorporated rundown of the 6 fundamental wellsprings of data that could be utilized with defense concerning why they are applicable and a section on key speculations/models, investigation apparatuses that would be utilized in this exposition. A sum of around 600 words. As to the paper as of late finished, this addendum speaks to some further musings and assets which would be required to grow the work into a more extensive examination. There are three subjects which would should be sought after in a progressively definite assessment of this theme. The idea of the nonexclusive Psychological Contract. The idea of the Psychological Contract in the Retail Sector, and its relationship with advertising. The idea of HRM and SHRM (Strategic Human Resources Management) in the Retail Sector. These subjects would should be investigated over a scope of material, starting with auxiliary sources, and preferably stretching out into subjective essential examination including HR experts, and retail staff themselves. The six principle related optional and essential sources. Visitor, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract: A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. This source is fundamental since it gives an understanding into both the concurred meanings of the mental agreement inside the HR calling, and the utilization of that model in their professional practice. Buchanan, D., and Huczynski, A., (2006), Organizational Behavior: An Introductory Text, Prentice Hall/Financial Times, London. This source is basic as a prã ©cis of the pertinent persuasive speculations, work of Herzberg, McGregor, Maslow, Adams, Vroom, Porter and Lawler. Investigation of the ramifications of McGregor’s X and Y hypotheses of remuneration/intimidation, and Herzberg’s idea of extraneous and inborn prizes, as set out in Brooks, I., (2003), Organizational Behavior: Individuals, Groups and Organization, second Ed, FT-Prentice Hall, London, and Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P., (2005), Principles of Organizational Behavior, fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Inside the outward and characteristic prize model, extraneous prizes might be thought of as those of material contemplations and working conditions, while inborn prizes are increasingly honorific and relational. Hofstede’s social measurements list, as set out in Hofstede, G., (2003), Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, Profile Business, London, and Gerte Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Website, INTERNET, accessible at http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18#compare [viewed 26.10.08], would should be utilized to survey the distinctive persuasive models and resiliences which are progressively obvious in a multi-social workforce, and a globalizing retail division. This would need to assess Hofestede’s thoughts of intensity separation, community/independence, long or momentary direction, manliness/gentility, and vulnerability shirking. A similar investigation of representative connections between retail laborers in Waitrose and the John Lewis organization, and an other huge retail gathering, for example Tesco’s, Woolworth or Argos. The method of reasoning for this is the John Lewis bunch is the just one to send a broad benefit sharing compensation plot with its workers. Similar essential investigation of mentalities between retail representatives and clients of the John Lewis association, and another, non-benefit sharing retail bunch in the UK. To be brought out through a blend of†¦ surveys including double yes/no reactions and composed responses to set inquiries. Few inside and out and semi-adaptable individual meetings. Key hypothetical methodologies here would be advanced around a parity of phenomenological and positivist exploration groups, to acquire subjectively valuable information, which could likewise bolster factual models with a potential more extensive application. McGregor’s outward/natural scale model poll could be utilized to loan a positivist measurement to the attitudinal information delivered. This paper diagrams some key topics in contemporary retailing HRM, concentrating especially on the essentialness of the mental agreement inside the business, and the idea of work life balance. It contends that contemporary monetary and exchanging conditions have would in general uncover the manner by which the two issues are treated in the retail segment, and ascribes this to proceeded with patterns for tertiary and low maintenance work designs. As Hooley et al. watch, ‘†¦Well created advertising assets (resources and capacities), when sent in the commercial center, can prompt predominant market execution. Fulfilled and all around persuaded staff (a prime advertising resource), for instance, can make a noteworthy commitment to making fulfilled and faithful customers’ (Hooley et.al., p.21). At meeting room level be that as it may, contemporary weights on expenses may encroach upon staff CPD and maintenance. In the primary example, it might be useful to closer view the idea of the mental agreement itself. As Sonnetag watches, ‘There is generally reliable exact proof for a positive connection between explicit parts of individual prosperity and.performance.’ (Sonnetag, p.4110 ). One manner by which this beneficial interaction between worker inspiration and yield can be accomplished, is through an administration style which surpasses the proper terms of the legally binding commitment as far as an impartial relationship. As Williams shows. ‘..this relational angle to decency advises us that there is a social premise to the trade connection among boss and worker and we may anticipate that this should be a piece of the mental contract.’ (Williams,1998: p.183). The idea of the mental agreement lays on the possibility that work environment connections definitely create past those typified in express systems, orders, and sets of expectations. It is accordingly completely practical for the executives to de-spur staff despite the fact that they are officially engaged to do so †by breaking ‘informal’ or mentally acknowledged standards. As Guest and Conway call attention to, ‘†¦built on the three mainstays of reasonableness, trust and conveyance of the arrangement among associations and representatives, a positive mental agreement is the best assurance of good execution outcomes.’ (Guest and Conway, 2003: p.vii). There is a lot of exact proof to recommend that retail businesses are acting to review percived deficiencies here. For instance, as Murray reports, cheap food monster McDonald’s has acted to improve its picture since the term ‘McJob’ entered the Oxford english Dictionary, meaning ‘†¦an unstimulating, low-paid employment with few prospects†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Murray 2008: n.p.) Part of the reaction has been to start CPD programs which consolidate adaptable working courses of action with learning projects to create staff abilities and accreditation. Other retail the board and administration division administrators additionally consider this to be the course to enlist and hold the best staff. As Jack Constantinides, VP HR and colleague for Monster for Europe West and Prague clarifies, ‘People are searching for more from their activity than only a stout compensation bundle †including work fulfillment, profession possibilities, preparing, benefits and urgently work-life balance’. (Murray 2008: n.p.). This proposes, where costs will permit, progressively develop organizations may consider the to be of an incentive as the course to business strength through inherent just as extraneous worker reward. Be that as it may, contemporary exchanging conditions may militate against the use of such on-costs, in any event for now. As Taylor reports, ‘The exposure a week ago that Marks and Spencer needs to lessen excess advantages for staff has started association fears that the retail bunch is setting up the route for enormous scope work cuts.’ (Taylor 2008: n.p.). MS are clearly by all account not the only prominent high road casualties: As Kilgren and Braithwaite see of the upset Woolworth chain, ‘Up to 33% of the 1,000 retail division staff at head office may lose their jobs†¦ PwC, reviewer to Woolworth’s, highlighted material vulnerabilities which may cast noteworthy uncertainty about the companys ca pacity to proceed as a going concern.’ (Kilgren and Braithwaite, 2008: n.p.). While talking about the issue of work life balance among retail representatives, it is ostensibly unhelpful to view this couplet as illustrative of a homogeneous and undifferentiated worker gathering. In an area firmly connected with casualized, low maintenance, and frequently female work, it is critical to perceive the manner by which diverse social gatherings may determine a palatable connection between their home and working lives. As Kirby watches, ‘At when female â€Å"returners† are set to turn into an inexorably noteworthy component in the UK workforce, British retailing remains exceptionally reliant on low maintenance female work. Simultaneously, working conditions show up not to be as alluring as they may be. Pay stays low and profession prospects and preparing openings are poor, particularly for low maintenance employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Kirby 1993: p.205). It is now that the mental agreement and work-life balance are ostensibly moved nearer together, a point wh ich might be fortified by thinking about the inspirational speculations of Adams. As Huczyinski and Buchanan clarify, ‘Adams suggested that we think about our prizes (pay, acknowledgment) and commitments (time, exertion, thoughts) with the yields and contributions of others. Value t

University education should be free Research Paper

College instruction ought to be free - Research Paper Example ss measure of cash per open undergrad and state financing of the understudies and colleges has been brought or even chopped down to half as in California. â€Å"Education has for quite some time been viewed as a chief wellspring of financial versatility. In any case, throughout recent years state funded instruction, and particularly open advanced education has been under attack† (Reiff). A few instructive changes and budgetary arranging could be completed to make college training free for the understudies, since it would encourage the understudies as well as help in bringing down the general expense of instructive spending plan. The charges for educational cost, boarding have been blowing up for as far back as 20 years, inspite of that the state funded colleges need to cause cuts in the different administrations and instructive projects so as to make up for the lacks in the financial plan. Free college degree for each individual would be a potential answer for the present swelling and financial deficiency. â€Å"Not implies tried, not modest, not died down, yet free. For everybody† (Reiff). This could be made conceivable by actualizing the assessment installment, theoretically 6 percent to the college which would give the college degree. The individuals who earned more would pay more and who earned less would need to save money, yet toward the end each individual would have the benefit of having a college degree. Understudies won't need to work extended periods of time so as to fund their college degree, which influences their exhibition as well as puts them under enormous obligations they can't pay ( Reiff). Failure of United States to give free advanced education ends up being a destruction when contrasted with other created nations which give free college degree. College training isn't just a significant determinant of the monetary advancement yet additionally decides the work rate in the state. â€Å"Currently, just 30% of Americans who start school or college wind up graduating, and this speaks to a tremendous exercise in futility and money† (B. Samuels). In the event that as

QuestBridge 2013 FAQs

QuestBridge 2013 FAQs This is a blog entry specifically for finalists in the QuestBridge National College Match. If you dont know what this is, dont worry! You can read the updates for Early Action at this blog entry:https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/early-action-updates-2013 If you are a finalist congratulations! Were excited to have you applying to MIT through QuestBridge. Here are some FAQs that QuestBridge applicants often have at this stage: Q: I am taking my tests in November/December/January. Am I still eligible for the Match? A: If you have not completed all the testing requirements by the October test dates, you will not qualify for the Match. If you have not completed your testing by October, do not worry; you do not have to remove MIT from your rank list because if you do not match with any school on December 2nd, we will simply email you instructions with how to roll over into our Early Action process. We will accept up to November test scores for Early Action, and up to January test scores for Regular Action. Q: If I will not have a full set of tests by the October testing date, what happens? Should I unrank MIT or withdraw my application? A: If your application is incomplete, we will not be able to match you. However, we would be able to consider you during Early Action (just a few weeks later) if your application is complete by then and you did not match. We can consider you for Regular Action as well, as long as your application is complete and you did not match to a binding school. If you take MIT off your rank list or withdraw your application, your application may not be able to be considered for Early Action. Q: Should I rush report my scores to get them to you in time? A: I previously answered this incorrectly in the comments and apologize. Best case scenario is of course, that you selected that your scores be directly sent to MIT. If you did not, and are worried if they will get here in time, we will accept an unofficial score report faxed or mailed in the meantime. Please mention that you are a QB applicant, along with full name and date of birth on the cover sheet. Q: Where do I send my high school transcript or updates? A: You can fax it to us at 617-687-9184 or mail it to MIT Office of Admissions, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 10-100, Cambridge, MA 02139. Make sure your full name and date of birth are included, as well as the word QuestBridge. Q: Where do I send my financial documents? A: Fax them to the MIT Financial Aid Office at 617-253-9859, or mail them to: MIT Student Financial Services, Attn: QuestBridge Coordinator, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 11-320, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. If you have questions about your financial documents, email sfs@mit.edu. Q: How do I schedule an interview? A: You can find your interviewers information by logging in to your MyMIT account (http://my.mit.edu). Please be patient when trying to get in touch with them, as it may take them several days to respond to your request. If you have problems accessing your interviewers information, contact [emailprotected] for assistance. If you have not yet contacted your interviewer, do note that the deadline for interviews has passed. However, you may still be able to do an interview. While we cannot guarantee that interviewers will be able to accommodate you, some will accept late interviews on a case-by-case basis. Completing an interview can be helpful for your application, especially if you intend to remain in the Regular Action pool. Q: Why hasnt my Questbridge application shown up on my MyMIT tracking page? A: Colleges only just received your application. It will take approximately one week to process your application; your MyMIT tracking page should be updated by early next week. (You may see your tracking page show Part 1 and Part 2 as complete because your QuestBridge application is being used in place of the MIT application). Q: Ive already done an interview, but the interview is not checked off on the MyMIT tracking system. What should I do? A: Just notify us through the MyMIT website that you have conducted the interview so that we know to expect a report from your interviewer. Q: If Im not matched, can I still apply to MIT for Early and/or Regular Action? A: On December 2nd, QuestBridge will announce the results of the National College Match. If you are not matched with any school, we will send you an email asking whether you would like to be considered for MITs Early Action and/or Regular Action processes (or neither). Please look out for this message and respond to it quickly, so we know what to do with your application. See the Questbridge FAQ for more info. QuestBridge 2013 FAQs This is a blog entry specifically for finalists in the QuestBridge National College Match. If you dont know what this is, dont worry! You can read the updates for Early Action at this blog entry:https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/early-action-updates-2013 If you are a finalist congratulations! Were excited to have you applying to MIT through QuestBridge. Here are some FAQs that QuestBridge applicants often have at this stage: Q: I am taking my tests in November/December/January. Am I still eligible for the Match? A: If you have not completed all the testing requirements by the October test dates, you will not qualify for the Match. If you have not completed your testing by October, do not worry; you do not have to remove MIT from your rank list because if you do not match with any school on December 2nd, we will simply email you instructions with how to roll over into our Early Action process. We will accept up to November test scores for Early Action, and up to January test scores for Regular Action. Q: If I will not have a full set of tests by the October testing date, what happens? Should I unrank MIT or withdraw my application? A: If your application is incomplete, we will not be able to match you. However, we would be able to consider you during Early Action (just a few weeks later) if your application is complete by then and you did not match. We can consider you for Regular Action as well, as long as your application is complete and you did not match to a binding school. If you take MIT off your rank list or withdraw your application, your application may not be able to be considered for Early Action. Q: Should I rush report my scores to get them to you in time? A: I previously answered this incorrectly in the comments and apologize. Best case scenario is of course, that you selected that your scores be directly sent to MIT. If you did not, and are worried if they will get here in time, we will accept an unofficial score report faxed or mailed in the meantime. Please mention that you are a QB applicant, along with full name and date of birth on the cover sheet. Q: Where do I send my high school transcript or updates? A: You can fax it to us at 617-687-9184 or mail it to MIT Office of Admissions, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 10-100, Cambridge, MA 02139. Make sure your full name and date of birth are included, as well as the word QuestBridge. Q: Where do I send my financial documents? A: Fax them to the MIT Financial Aid Office at 617-253-9859, or mail them to: MIT Student Financial Services, Attn: QuestBridge Coordinator, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 11-320, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. If you have questions about your financial documents, email sfs@mit.edu. Q: How do I schedule an interview? A: You can find your interviewers information by logging in to your MyMIT account (http://my.mit.edu). Please be patient when trying to get in touch with them, as it may take them several days to respond to your request. If you have problems accessing your interviewers information, contact [emailprotected] for assistance. If you have not yet contacted your interviewer, do note that the deadline for interviews has passed. However, you may still be able to do an interview. While we cannot guarantee that interviewers will be able to accommodate you, some will accept late interviews on a case-by-case basis. Completing an interview can be helpful for your application, especially if you intend to remain in the Regular Action pool. Q: Why hasnt my Questbridge application shown up on my MyMIT tracking page? A: Colleges only just received your application. It will take approximately one week to process your application; your MyMIT tracking page should be updated by early next week. (You may see your tracking page show Part 1 and Part 2 as complete because your QuestBridge application is being used in place of the MIT application). Q: Ive already done an interview, but the interview is not checked off on the MyMIT tracking system. What should I do? A: Just notify us through the MyMIT website that you have conducted the interview so that we know to expect a report from your interviewer. Q: If Im not matched, can I still apply to MIT for Early and/or Regular Action? A: On December 2nd, QuestBridge will announce the results of the National College Match. If you are not matched with any school, we will send you an email asking whether you would like to be considered for MITs Early Action and/or Regular Action processes (or neither). Please look out for this message and respond to it quickly, so we know what to do with your application. See the Questbridge FAQ for more info. QuestBridge 2013 FAQs This is a blog entry specifically for finalists in the QuestBridge National College Match. If you dont know what this is, dont worry! You can read the updates for Early Action at this blog entry:https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/early-action-updates-2013 If you are a finalist congratulations! Were excited to have you applying to MIT through QuestBridge. Here are some FAQs that QuestBridge applicants often have at this stage: Q: I am taking my tests in November/December/January. Am I still eligible for the Match? A: If you have not completed all the testing requirements by the October test dates, you will not qualify for the Match. If you have not completed your testing by October, do not worry; you do not have to remove MIT from your rank list because if you do not match with any school on December 2nd, we will simply email you instructions with how to roll over into our Early Action process. We will accept up to November test scores for Early Action, and up to January test scores for Regular Action. Q: If I will not have a full set of tests by the October testing date, what happens? Should I unrank MIT or withdraw my application? A: If your application is incomplete, we will not be able to match you. However, we would be able to consider you during Early Action (just a few weeks later) if your application is complete by then and you did not match. We can consider you for Regular Action as well, as long as your application is complete and you did not match to a binding school. If you take MIT off your rank list or withdraw your application, your application may not be able to be considered for Early Action. Q: Should I rush report my scores to get them to you in time? A: I previously answered this incorrectly in the comments and apologize. Best case scenario is of course, that you selected that your scores be directly sent to MIT. If you did not, and are worried if they will get here in time, we will accept an unofficial score report faxed or mailed in the meantime. Please mention that you are a QB applicant, along with full name and date of birth on the cover sheet. Q: Where do I send my high school transcript or updates? A: You can fax it to us at 617-687-9184 or mail it to MIT Office of Admissions, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 10-100, Cambridge, MA 02139. Make sure your full name and date of birth are included, as well as the word QuestBridge. Q: Where do I send my financial documents? A: Fax them to the MIT Financial Aid Office at 617-253-9859, or mail them to: MIT Student Financial Services, Attn: QuestBridge Coordinator, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 11-320, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. If you have questions about your financial documents, email sfs@mit.edu. Q: How do I schedule an interview? A: You can find your interviewers information by logging in to your MyMIT account (http://my.mit.edu). Please be patient when trying to get in touch with them, as it may take them several days to respond to your request. If you have problems accessing your interviewers information, contact [emailprotected] for assistance. If you have not yet contacted your interviewer, do note that the deadline for interviews has passed. However, you may still be able to do an interview. While we cannot guarantee that interviewers will be able to accommodate you, some will accept late interviews on a case-by-case basis. Completing an interview can be helpful for your application, especially if you intend to remain in the Regular Action pool. Q: Why hasnt my Questbridge application shown up on my MyMIT tracking page? A: Colleges only just received your application. It will take approximately one week to process your application; your MyMIT tracking page should be updated by early next week. (You may see your tracking page show Part 1 and Part 2 as complete because your QuestBridge application is being used in place of the MIT application). Q: Ive already done an interview, but the interview is not checked off on the MyMIT tracking system. What should I do? A: Just notify us through the MyMIT website that you have conducted the interview so that we know to expect a report from your interviewer. Q: If Im not matched, can I still apply to MIT for Early and/or Regular Action? A: On December 2nd, QuestBridge will announce the results of the National College Match. If you are not matched with any school, we will send you an email asking whether you would like to be considered for MITs Early Action and/or Regular Action processes (or neither). Please look out for this message and respond to it quickly, so we know what to do with your application. See the Questbridge FAQ for more info.

Role Adversity Plays in Shaping Identity - 1479 Words

Role adversity plays in shaping an individual’s identity Discuss the idea(s) developed by the text creator in your chosen text about the role adversity plays in shaping an individual’s identity. A man is insensible to appreciate prosperity until he has tasted adversity. Adverse situations shape an individual’s identity and play a significant role in one’s life by shaping personal values, determining one’s own potential and self worth. Khaled Hosseini conveys how hardships shape individuals identities through the characters of Amir, Baba, Hassan and Ali in his novel The Kite Runner. Like every individual they go through a series of incidents and hardships that shape who they become and how well they deal with struggles in†¦show more content†¦When the Russian soldier asked for half an hour with the lady in the back Baba stood up and spoke against it. Baba had the courage due to his past experiences and adverse situations he has already faced. â€Å"I will take a thousand of his bullets before I let this indecency take place.† His personal values and beliefs went against Russian soldiers demands only because incidents before have had an impact on his character and they shaped his identity. Baba constantly tries to do good deeds to redeem and perhaps forgive himself. Another example of shaping identity is society pressure. Baba’s image mattered, how other people saw him and how they treated him was a part of his personal values and self worth. Wealth, status and honor were how he was portrayed in front of society. Society pressure and judgment shaped Baba’s identity and impacted his decisions. He was ashamed to tell everyone that he is Hassan’s father, a father to a Hazzara. He did not want to lose his identity of being a Pashtun or be disrespected due to his past. Just as Amir Baba was willing to deal with guilt and regret for personal desires and searched for true redemption the rest of his life. Different people have various beliefs and their own way of doing things. Hassan was one exceptional character whose loyalty overruled all betrayals in the novel. Just as any other individuals Hassan dealt with hardships in life howeverShow MoreRelatedChange in Values and Perspectives in Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams766 Words   |  3 PagesAdversity can present itself in a wide range of severities, and it can have drastic effects on an individual. A man is insensible to appreciate prosperity until he has gone through some kind of adversity. Hardships and adversity develop and shape a person’s identity and also plays a big role in shaping one’s personal values. John Locke, a famous philosopher, once said that â€Å"Let us suppose the mind to be, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it be furnished? 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The way I view myself combined with the way that others view me frames the narrative of my opportunities to be a leader in many ways. Of my various social identity characteristics, the two that play the largest part in my life are my gender and appearance as a woman and my economic standing as lower middle class. First, being a woman and embracing my femininity has both positive and negative impacts on my abilityRead MoreSocioeconomic Factors Of A Student s Life And Lower Academic Outcomes1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe current social climate has no small amount of xenophobia, apathy towards the poor and inequality. Much literature has been written on how particular segments of the population are disadvantaged through their identity, limited access to resources and socialization (Ewing, 2013; Grattan, 2014 October). In addition, connections have been established between disadvantage in the context of a student’s life and lower academic outcomes (Gorski, September 2013, p. 49). 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This grants them a life shaping pride and privilege that separates them even from the African-American community and gives a sense of identity, knowing that they have conquered great adversity before. Migration Patterns Haitian migration to South Florida was met with much resistance. â€Å"According to Allen, Marcelin, Schmitz, Hausmann, Shultz (2012) HaitiansRead MoreLabelling Theory And Robert Agnew s General Strain Theory1676 Words   |  7 Pageslive in. Although concept’s such as Howard Becker’s Labelling theory and Robert Agnew ’s General Strain Theory presents ideas on how the sociological environment plays a factor in shaping individuals and leading them to resort to choices such as drug use. The Labelling theory is a concept in which the stigmatization of placing identity markers through pre-conceived notions and judgments can lead to a personal internalization of the imposed label which in turn can lead to deviance (Citation). TheRead MoreLabelling Theory And Robert Agnew s General Strain Theory1651 Words   |  7 Pageslive in. Although concept’s such as Howard Becker’s Labelling theory and Robert Agnew ’s General Strain Theory presents ideas on how the sociological environment plays a factor into shaping individuals and leading them to resort to choices such as drug use. The Labelling theory is a concept in which the stigmatization of placing identity markers through pre-conceived notions and judgements can lead to a personal internalization of the imposed label which in turn can lead to deviance (Erikson,1964

The French Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Le Plus-Que-Parfait

The French past perfect, or pluperfect—known in French as le plus-que-parfait—is used to indicate an action in the past that occurred before another action in the past. The latter use can be either mentioned in the same sentence or implied. Le Plus-Que-Parfait The  plus†que†parfait  is the compound form of the  imparfait  (imperfect)  and is formed by using the imperfect of the appropriate helping verb,  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre (have or be)  and the  participe  passà ©Ã‚  (past participle) of the verb. Its English equivalent is â€Å"had† and the past participle. The table provides some example; for clarity, the prior action is listed in parentheses in some cases. French Pluperfect English Translation Il navait pas mang (avant de faire ses devoirs). He hadnt eaten (before doing his homework). Jai fait du shopping ce matin. Javais dj fait la lessive. I went shopping this morning. I had already done the laundry. Jtais dj sorti (quand tu as tlphon). I had already left (when you called). Nous voulions te parler parce que nous ne tavions pas vu hier. We wanted to talk to you because we didnt see you yesterday. Expressing Hypotheticals The pluperfect is also used in si clauses to express a hypothetical situation in the past contrary to what actually happened.  Si  clauses or conditionals produce conditional sentences, with one clause stating a condition or possibility and a second clause naming a result produced by that condition. In English, such sentences are called if/then constructions. The French  si  means if in English. There is no equivalent for then per se in  French conditional sentences. French Pluperfect With Si Clause English Translation Si tu mavais demand, jaurais rpondu. If you had asked me, I would have answered. Nous y serions alls si nous avions su. We would have gone if we had known. Other  Plus-Que-Parfait Information The French past perfect is a  compound conjugation, which means it has two parts: Imperfect  of the  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre)Past participle  of the main verb Like all French compound conjugations, the past perfect may be subject to  grammatical  agreement, as follows: When the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, the past participle must agree with the subject.When the auxiliary verb is  avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object. French Past Perfect Conjugations Conjugating the French  le plus-que-parfait  (the past perfect or pluperfect) requires knowing when to use  avoir,  Ãƒ ªtre, or a  pronominal, as the table demonstrates for the verbs  aimer  (to love),  devenir  (to become), and  lavar  (to wash). Aimer (auxiliary verb is avoir) j avais aim tu avais aim il,elle avait aim nous avions aim vous aviez aim ils,elles avaient aim Devenir (tre verb) j tais devenu(e) tu tais devenu(e) il tait devenu nous tions devenu(e)s vous tiez devenu(e)(s) ils taient devenus elle tait devenue elles taient devenues Se Laver (pronominal verb) je mtais lav(e) tu ttais lav(e) il stait lav ils staient lavs nous nous tions lav(e)s vous vous tiez lav(e)(s) elle stait lave elles staient laves French  pronominal verbs are accompanied by the reflexive pronoun  se  or  s  preceding the infinitive, hence  the grammatical term pronominal, which means relating to a pronoun. All conjugated  verbs, with the exception of the  imperative  form, require a  subject pronoun.

Russians Conversion to Christianity Free Essays

The conversion of Russians to Christianity was a big step towards Slavic civilization. The role of converting these people was upon the Orthodox Church which played an important role in helping the neighbors of Byzantine to take Byzantine cultures while at the same time helping to spread Christianity. Emperors from Byzantine in their bid to help their neighbors change their barbaric and hostile ways of life tried to use such methods as church conversions, judicious diplomacy and promotion of international trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Russians Conversion to Christianity or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were various reasons why Russians were converted to Christianity and in doing so; some strategies were employed by the Orthodox Church and the emperors. This paper is mainly going to focus on these two issues. One of the key steps that were taken in 863 was to provide the Russians or the Slavs who included the Danube who later were conquered by Magyars, the Czechs, the Moravians, Polinians and the Lyakhs who were also sometimes regarded as the Poles with a custom made Slavic alphabet or simply a modified Greek alphabet which was known as Glagothic. This helped them to make these people feel proud of their work as the Slavic alphabets were to be used in scripture translation and translation of other liturgical works. Invention of Slavic language was a milestone in the spread of Christianity and this became the platform that future conversion activities for the Russians took place. As per the Russian Primary Chronicle, because of the presence of emperors who highly valued Byzantine cultures, many Moravians had been converted by the Orthodox Church into Christianity but the problem was that they could not read the scripture and interpret it in their own language . This was because they were not familiar with Latin and Greek language that was used in the scripture and the problem was that there were preachers who would teach them this today and tomorrow interpret the same topic differently, now they wanted to be taught a language that they would use to read the bible for themselves and interpret it accordingly because those that came to preach to them would take advantage of their inability to read and interpret the scripture. We understand neither Greek nor Latin some teach us one thing and some another. Furthermore, we do not understand written characters nor their meaning. Therefore send us teachers who can who can make known to us the words of the scriptures and their sense† . To achieve this end, Moravian Slavs led by emperor Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk requested Michael, the Byzantine emperor to help them with teachers who would assist in scripture translation into their native language. After receiving their request, the emperor asked the most professional scholars in his region to lend a hand in the translation work and they agreed to help. The scholars went to Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk and took it upon themselves the duty of teaching Moravian Slavs how to read the scripture especially after they successively translated it into their Slavic native tongue. They started by composing Slavic alphabet and later they started the work of translating the scripture especially the Acts and the Gospels. Nothing made these Slavs happier than to hear the gospel preached in their native language. These scholars also helped in translating other pieces of work apart from the scripture for example they translated books such as Oktoechos and the Psalter among others . The zealots were not pleased by the idea of translating the scripture into Slavic language and thus they openly criticized this move. They argued that only Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages were supposed to be used in the scripture but the Pope did not share these sentiments and he dismissed these claims. To facilitate the conversion work of the Russians into Christianity, Methodius was appointed by Prince Kostel as one of Apostle Paul’s seventy disciples and he was given the task of bible translation, a job that he effectively did within six months but with the help of the two priests who were also professional writers. Methodius being an apostle worked hand in hand in hand with Bishop Andronicus who had been appointed by Apostle Paul to help him in the spread of the gospel to the Moravians . Another major break in the conversion of Russians into Christianity was achieved during the reigns of Vladimir in 980. Vladimir was a pagan leader who prayed idols and had even erected some of them on the hills and decorated them with gold moustaches and silver heads. Some of these idols were Khors, Stribog, Mokosn’, Dazh’bog and Simar’gi. People would sacrifice their offspring to these idols and thus this land was full of blasphemous blood. In 987 Vladimir after many trials by Bulgars to accept their religion summoned his ‘nobles’ to seek for their advice on whether they should abandon worshipping their idols and adopt other types of religion like that for Germans, Greek or for Jews. All of these had approached Vladimir and asked him to join their religion and now he was at crossroads to know what step to take from there. The Greeks claimed that whoever worshipped their God would have eternal life but those who followed other faith would burn in eternal fire. After asking nobles their stand, they said that unless they experience immediate knowledge of those rituals then they were not in a position to advice. They thus went and learnt for themselves but were not impressed by how Germans and Jews practiced their rituals but for the Greek the answer though not very direct was positive. â€Å"Everyman, after tasting something sweet, is afterward unwilling to accept that which is bitter, and therefore we can no longer remain here (Paganism)† . They argued that in German rituals they did not see any beauty and that for the Jews was bad but to the Greek’s ritual they could not know whether they were still on earth or in heaven because it was beauty beyond human description. This made Vladimir jealous and attacked his opponents a year later and proceeded to Kherson and conquered this Greek city. After this he issued demands to the Greek emperors-Constantine and Basil that they had to give to him their unmarried sister or else he would destroy the whole city but they told him that he would only get the girl if and only if, he got baptized as it was against their Christian faith and teachings to sell off their Christian sister to a pagan. Vladimir badly wanted this girl and thus he softened his heart and agreed to get baptized on condition that he would be baptized by this unwedded girl known as Anne. The emperors agreed to this and people rejoiced and danced as he got baptized. Vladimir then disclosed to them that he knew of their religion as he had sent emissaries before to enquire on the same and they gave him a positive answer . Just as it was a custom to pay bride price after marrying a girl, Vladimir returned Kherson to its rightful owners as his dowry. When he went back home he ordered all idols to be destroyed and said that those who would not get baptized the following day were not his friends any more and thousands big and small, young and old went to the river to be baptized and a history was made as never before had so many people been baptized at one time. Vladimir after this constructed wooden churches on the grounds where he had set his idols to show the world that he was truly a converted Christian. He also sent priests to go all over the town and cities to preach to the unconverted and convert and baptize them. The reasons that made the Russians to get baptized was their desire to be able to read and interpret the scripture without asking for an interpreter as those people who came to teach them took advantage of their inability to read and write. That was why they asked Emperor Michael to assist them in composing Slavic alphabets something that they did willingly. Another thing that acted as a catalyst towards Russians conversion to Christianity was Vladimir’s desire to marry Emperor’s unwedded sister. This led to his baptism as well as the baptism of other hundred thousands of his followers. How to cite Russians Conversion to Christianity, Papers

Comparing Bradley to Billy liar Essay Example For Students

Comparing Bradley to Billy liar Essay My improvisation is called Bradley and I am comparing this to a play we have read in drama called Billy Liar. Billy Liar is written in around 1960 by Keith Waterhouse and is set in an industrial town. A difference between the two plays is that Bradley is set in the present day and Billy liar is set in the 1960, this tells us that peoples views have changed and also the social life has changed. Our play is mainly about having different pressures, and we used different techniques to show these pressures. The play consisted of different scenes where Bradley meets his girlfriends. Also in Billy liar there are many scenes where he meets his girlfriends. During Billy Liar Billy lies to his girlfriends to get himself out of trouble, and also in Bradley Bradley lies to get him self out of trouble, trouble that they got them self into. An example of Bradleys lies is the time when he lies to one of his girlfriends about his sister getting cancer, this was to get sympathy and an excuse of why he didnt meet his girlfriend. Billy and Bradley lie that often so when they get them self into trouble the lies just roll of their tongue, its as if they cant help lying. Our play used very little scenery to give a Brechtian style which is what we wanted as we didnt want to be changing the set around and also we didnt have much space to put the scenery in, but in Billy Liar they would have had more room and different sets to be changing the scenery around. In Billy liar it is different as they use a lot of scenery to make it seem real and that they are actually in the rooms. Also I think that both plays seem real and that they both do actually happen in real life. You could tell that Billy liar is set quite a lot of years ago as they were in a industrial town and didnt have a lot of money, and also the way they just lazed about the house and making the wife do all the work just like people used to do in the 1960s. In Bradley you could tell it is set in the present day with having the coffee bar scene and also the night club scene. I would also say that more people in the present day would have cheated on their girlfriend or boyfriend, and also it is a lot more common for people to cheat on each, but in the 1960s it was very rare for people to cheat on each other. In the more modern day it is more likely that people will cheat on each other. There are a lot more people that go to university and have to study a lot so dont have enough time to have a long term relationship and dont want to have the commitment so just have fun and that includes having more than one girlfriend. In our play we joined all of our scenes together to the final scene where all the characters meet face to face. In the scenes they gradually built up to the final scene, the opening scenes were for the audience to get a picture of the characters and also so they could think about what is going to happen in the final scene. In our play there were different pressures and they were all shown in different ways and using different techniques. In our play, Bradley is very similar to Billy as they both have many girlfriends and also they both lie. A difference between the two characters is that Billy quite often goes into his dream world whilst talking to his girlfriends, but Bradley doesnt seem to go into a dream world. In Billy Liar the characters seem to want Billy a lot more than the characters in Bradley. This is shown because of how many times Billy gets into trouble and lies his way out of it, the girls always come back to him. But in Bradley it is always Bradley who does all the chasing and it shows at the end where all his girlfriends leave him that they arent too interested in him. .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .postImageUrl , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:hover , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:visited , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:active { border:0!important; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:active , .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4 .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u212a63931af1935b97ec55cda16b96b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper, Young Goodman Brown EssayAnother comparison between the two plays is that, both Billy and Bradley are greedy and always want more. In Bradley, he is greedy by having more than one girlfriend and in Billy Liar he also has more than one girlfriend, really Billy should just stay with one girlfriend. Our play has a different ending, because Bradley was so greedy in having more than one girlfriend it backfired at him as they all left him and he had no one, but in Billy Liar they dont all leave him and it leaves you on the edge about whether he did or did not get on the train an leave his family.

Whom Would You Prefer as a Companion, Romeo or Mercutio Essay Example

Whom Would You Prefer as a Companion, Romeo or Mercutio? Essay Romeo and Mercutio hold many likeable qualities. They share some of the same characteristics for example they are loyal to one another. At other times they can be totally miscellaneous for example how easily Mercutio is provoked and how Romeo is not. Also another contrast in their characters is their views on love and their different use of language. I think Romeo premium quality is how he thinks about love, in the play he shows too sides to love the happy and bad side. In Act 1 Scene 1 Montague says: Away from lightlocks fair daylight out, and makes himself an artificial night. This shows that when Romeo is in love he shuts himself away and even Benvolio his closest friend and cousin does not know what Romeo is feeling. Romeo even rejects the beauty of the dawn and I find this a bad quality in him. This is because if I had a friend like Romeo I would want him to share his feelings with me, also if he did not his feelings with me then I would feel uncomfortable sharing my feeling with him. I would conclude that he did not trust me. The idea of Romeo hiding his feelings is enforced when Montague says, But he, his own affections counsellor, is to himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Whom Would You Prefer as a Companion, Romeo or Mercutio? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Whom Would You Prefer as a Companion, Romeo or Mercutio? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Whom Would You Prefer as a Companion, Romeo or Mercutio? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This conveys the impression that the only person Romeo tells his true feelings to is himself. In the sixteenth century it was very rather that a rich father would interact with his siblings but Montague is interested in Romeo life. Romeo enters the play appearing downcast and distracted for example when Benvolio asks Romeo What sadness lengthens Romeos hours? and Romeo replies Not having that which, having, makes them short. Romeo is very emotional he is happy and sad at the same time because of his love for Rosaline. He tries to express these two conflicting states in a series of called oxymorons. For example he says feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health. He expects Benvolio to be amused, but e is a solemn young man and offers sympathy to his friend and Romeo welcomes it. This is the first when Romeo reveals vaguely how he feels. People often say that Mercutio and Romeo are best friends but Romeo does not even share his true feelings with Mercutio and in Act 2 Scene 1 Mercutio makes crude jokes using satirical language about Romeo love for Rosaline. For example Mercutio says, If love is blind, love cannot hit the mark. Mercutio is saying if love is blind how can love achieve its aim. This is a very morose way of thinking about love and as for Benvolio he tries to warn Mercutio that he could hurt Romeos feelings. This is shown when he says, And if he hear thee, thou wilt anger him. So drawing a conclusion from this scene I would say that Benvolio and Romeo have a better relationship with each other than Romeo and Mercutio, in the play. If I were Benvolio I would feel very uncomfortable because if Mercutio can speak this way about his best friend I would be very paranoid and apprehensive if he would say crude jokes about me. Also in this scene it presence two different aspects of love. We are reminded of Romeo passion for Rosaline the fanciful emotion that made him feel ill. He worshipped Rosaline as a goddess. Mercutios own attitude to women is in a complete contrast; there is no emotion at all here, only sexual desire. However Romeos and Juliet will be a third type of love. In the sixteenth century it was fashionable to hire an amateur entertainment in which gentlemen could visit a party to which they had not been invited. When Mercutio decides to go to the Capulets ball Romeo thinks before proceeding in instead he thinks about the consequences might be. For example he says: I fear too early; for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this nights reveals, and expire the term Of a despised life closd in my breast By some vile forfeit of untimely death. In the sixteenth century people believed that the stars you were born under would lead your fate. Romeo thinks that the stars are foretelling the future of untimely death which comes true. As Romeo thinking about his actions it shows that there is a level of maturity in him unlike Mercutio, Romeo thinks before he acts. When the first time Romeo casts his eyes upon Juliet he says, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. When Romeo is talking about Juliet he never stops to consider his love for Rosaline, although Rosaline does not love him he is very quick to change his mind about his true love. This can suggest two things firstly that Romeo always follows his heart and knows that when he sees true beauty he does not miss the opportunity by being shy. Secondly it also might convey the impression that he was immature and could not commit himself to a relationship. If I were Romeos friend this would concern me because if he suddenly changes his mind about whom he loves he may change his mind about his friends. When Romeo first speaks to Juliet they speak together in a fourteen-lined sonnet, it is complex artificial verse, which was popular in the sixteenth century and generally regarded as the proper medium for love poetry. In this sonnet Romeo develops a religious image for four lines which rhyme alternately he starts with a devout religious utterance and says: If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. There is similar language in Act 2 Scene 2 where Romeo expresses his romantic feelings in some very elaborate language. For example he says, Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief, That thou her maid far more fair than she. This is the conventional language of love poetry: it was fashionable for lovers to speak in this way. Very quickly, however, the language becomes more simple; Romeo is leaning to express genuine feeling to illustrate Romeo says, It is my lady. O, it is my love! O that she knew she were! The most admirable thing about Romeo is that he is not easily provoked or exasperated. For example Tybalt taunts and ridicules Romeo when he says, Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford No better term than this thou art a villain. When Tybalt calls him a villain it does not mean a bad person but he called him a peasant and in Elizabethan times this was great insult to a man of noble birth like Romeo. After hearing this Romeo replies later, Good Capulet, which name I tender as dearly as my own, be satisfied. This shows that Romeo has a lot of maturity and is not an adolescence young boy and he knows that violence does not solve anything. When Mercutio draws his sword to fight Tybalt Romeo immediately tries to stop him, this is shown when he says, Gentle Mercutio, put thy rapier upGentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage! Tybalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath forbid this bandying in Verona streets. Although I have said that Romeo is not a violence, savage, vehemence person he kills the County Paris when he is in a state of disorder near the end of play. After he kills Paris he show pity for him. Romeo calls him, Good gentle youth, and when Paris is dying he says his last wish, O, I am slain! -If thou be merciful, open the tomb, lay me with Juliet, and Romeo fulfils this wish. This shows that Romeo is not jealous of him and after all it is the least thing that he can do. If Romeo had left Paris I would have thought less of him and I would have lost respect for him because I can not imagine Romeo being spiteful, vengeful or malicious. Mercutio is a likeable character in many ways but he uses satirical and incisive language, which I think is his downfall in his character. Mercutio is a typical adolescence boy who always looks for attention. There are many examples of this, firstly he challenges Tybalt to a fight and he provokes Tybalt by saying: Good King of Cats, nothing but one of your nine lives, that I mean to make bold withal; and, as you shall use me hereafter, dry-beat the rest of the eight. Will you pluck your sword out of his pilcher by the ears? Make haste, lest mine be about your ears ere it be out. Here all of the crowds eyes are on Mercutio. He shows a lot of confidence because he challenges a skilled fighter. I think that it is noble of him to fight for Romeo but I think Mercutio fought also for pride unlike Romeo who avenges his friends death. There was need for Mercutio to fight Tybalt because Romeo was in no danger and Tybalt had asked Romeo to fight not Mercutio, so I think that Mercutio fought Tybalt because he did not want to seem like a coward backing down in a fight. This is a very bad quality in Mercutio because it got him killed and it is there when the tragedy really begins. Secondly in Act 1 Scene 4 Mercutios energetic imagination explodes into life with his fantastic Queen Mab speech. Here he acts definitely out of character. Queen Mab is the fantastic personage created by Shakespeares imagination. She is responsible for bringing dreams to life. When Mercutio says, Through lovers brains, and then they dream love; Oer courtiers knees, that dream on curtsies straight; Oer lawyers fingers, who straight dream on fees Oer ladies lips, who straight on kisses dream This is the highly poetic side of him and he is very uncharacteristic I think Mercutio is saying to Romeo that people want to love or be loved will dream about it and Queen Mab will make it come true. I think Mercutio might even be saying that Romeo is so focused on love that he forgets the people around him, like Mercutio. He might feel jealous because his friend is so in love that they slowly drift apart. An example of Mercutio talking about their disintegrating relationship is when he is dying; he reveals his true feelings and says, Why the devil came you between us? Mercutio is asking what came between you and me: love. I think that Mercutio has wanted to tell Romeos his feeling but he might be worried that hed look too sensitive and would lose his reputation of being the typical teenager who is troublesome, insubordinate and lewd. A very good quality is Mercutios humorous character and very lively, for example he decides to go to the Capulets ball. He has an imaginative side to him even though we only see it once or twice. His imagination is shown in his Queen Mab speech. When Mercutio is dying he makes jocose and facetious jokes about himself, for instance he says: Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch; marry, tis enough No, tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church door; but tis enough, twill serve. I think Mercutio make these comments because he pretends to not take things seriously which shows his courage. I would pick Romeo has my companion because he is sensitive, sincere and respectful. I would not pick Mercutio because although he is fun it could get fatuous and I would be grieved at any satirical comments about me.

Free Essays on Flood Comparison

The Chaldean Flood Tablets, spawned from the city of Ur (Southern Iraq), depicts how the Babylonian God, Ea (a god who took part in the creation of man), rendered â€Å"the end of all flesh.† Nearly identical to the way God covered the earth with a great rain to spite the lawlessness of man. The biblical and the Babylonian interpretations resemble each other in many aspects though differ in distinct parts. Mankind became obnoxious, mendacious, and sinful in the eyes of God. Comparable to the Babylonian story, the people were looked upon as being too numerous and too noisy. God chose a righteous man named Noah to carry on the human race after The Great Flood. The Babylonian god Ea chose Utnapishtim to do the same, indirectly warning Utnapishtim of the great revelation through a dream. In contrast, Noah was forewarned directly through the instructions of God. Noah was told to build an ark of gopher wood and cover it inside and out with a pitch, just as Utnapishtim was told. The arks had an opening for daylight, a single door, along with numerous internal compartments. Noah’s ark was constructed 3 stories high and rectangular shaped opposed to the Babylonian chast of 6 stories high and square in contour. Both arks carried all living things; man, woman, birds, beasts and creepy things. The sky filled with darkness and the heavenly storms wiped out all that roamed the earth. Despite both arks landing in the Middle East, Noah’s ark landed on Mt.Ararat, and Utnapishti’s ark on Mt.Nisir. For forty days and forty nights rain poured down on earth and on Noah’s ark, however, the Babylonian story was said to have rained for only seven days and seven nights. Utnapishtim and Noah individually sent two birds to find dry land with no avail. The third birds did not return, apparently finding dry land. Although both men released three birds, Utnapishtim released a dove, swallow and a raven; Noah released a raven once a... Free Essays on Flood Comparison Free Essays on Flood Comparison The Chaldean Flood Tablets, spawned from the city of Ur (Southern Iraq), depicts how the Babylonian God, Ea (a god who took part in the creation of man), rendered â€Å"the end of all flesh.† Nearly identical to the way God covered the earth with a great rain to spite the lawlessness of man. The biblical and the Babylonian interpretations resemble each other in many aspects though differ in distinct parts. Mankind became obnoxious, mendacious, and sinful in the eyes of God. Comparable to the Babylonian story, the people were looked upon as being too numerous and too noisy. God chose a righteous man named Noah to carry on the human race after The Great Flood. The Babylonian god Ea chose Utnapishtim to do the same, indirectly warning Utnapishtim of the great revelation through a dream. In contrast, Noah was forewarned directly through the instructions of God. Noah was told to build an ark of gopher wood and cover it inside and out with a pitch, just as Utnapishtim was told. The arks had an opening for daylight, a single door, along with numerous internal compartments. Noah’s ark was constructed 3 stories high and rectangular shaped opposed to the Babylonian chast of 6 stories high and square in contour. Both arks carried all living things; man, woman, birds, beasts and creepy things. The sky filled with darkness and the heavenly storms wiped out all that roamed the earth. Despite both arks landing in the Middle East, Noah’s ark landed on Mt.Ararat, and Utnapishti’s ark on Mt.Nisir. For forty days and forty nights rain poured down on earth and on Noah’s ark, however, the Babylonian story was said to have rained for only seven days and seven nights. Utnapishtim and Noah individually sent two birds to find dry land with no avail. The third birds did not return, apparently finding dry land. Although both men released three birds, Utnapishtim released a dove, swallow and a raven; Noah released a raven once a...

Mastering Cognitive Psychology to Become a Good HR Manager Personal Statement

Mastering Cognitive Psychology to Become a Good HR Manager - Personal Statement Example I am particularly interested in cognitive psychology since it gives insight into the nature of thought which involves cognition, mental processes, and the underlying behavior. After graduation, I hope to apply the knowledge and skill I have acquired from psychology in a business organization’s human resource department. It is my goal to develop a compensation package which will motivate employees to work with their full potential. I must also add that in aside from my interest in psychology, I am also very passionate in creative writing. Thus, I hope to take minor courses in English in order to enhance my writing skills. It is my greatest dream to write my own book where I can apply my knowledge and skill from both disciplines. I believe that an effective writer should not only be able to tell a good story but let the readers explore the human psyche through the thoughts and emotions of the characters. Through the years, the situations and challenges that I face have given me the chance to grow and develop as an individual. As a working student, I have been instilled with the great sense of responsibility and commitment both for my studies and my job. My part-time job in BCC’s cafeteria for two years has trained me to work with a diverse workforce, deal with customers especially with the irate ones, and value time management. This experience has exposed to the challenges of dealing with stress and pressure. Being an Indonesian, my stay here at the US has enhanced my flexibility as an individual. It enabled me to observe and adapt to the different culture in this society, made me more open-minded, widened my social circle, and furthered my skills and competency in the English language.

Global Business Communication Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Communication Issues - Essay Example To effectively market the products in every export territory, business enterprises must communicate in the local languages. The implications of such a requirement are that the business enterprises should translate their product information, business communications, and marketing collateral. To create communications that are relevant to the local market needs a translation that exceeds the domestic content is required. Therefore, companies must make their advertising copies incorporate the benefits that specifically meet the needs of the local buyers and product descriptions to comply with the local practices and regulations. Solving this communication challenge requires that international companies should have localization agencies in different countries. Another critical issue in the global business communication is that of using consistent product terminologies. There is a significant challenge for every manufacturer to ensure that the names of the components, products, and spare p arts are consistently used in every export territory. Lack of consistent product terminologies creates a problem in supplying the right spare parts or products. To address this problem, the international companies must develop databases of technical terms and products and provide the translations of these technical terms to the local distribution and marketing agencies. The global business enterprises should undertake a global terminology management to ensure the consistency of communication and avoid costly errors.

Using professional standards and codes of conduct

Using professional standards and codes of conduct Professional standards and codes of conduct are fundamental in setting base standards for health care professionals and are a major channelling force for those working in clinical teams. Codes of conduct are established to ensure that practitioners are working in a safe and effective manner and that patients are protected. (Health Professions Council, 2007) The professional standards provided by organisations such as the Health Professions Council (HPC) and the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP) supply a framework from which physiotherapists and other health care professionals can work within and give an awareness of the minimum of what is expected of them. Knowing and understanding their own codes of conduct will in turn facilitate performance within health care teams. Thrower (2002) comments on self awareness being the condition of being able to analyse motives for behaviour. Therefore, if a health care professional is conscious of their own actions and the resulting consequences, they can constantly reflect to improve their practice. This could be accomplished through such models as developed by Gibbs (1988). For health care students, codes of conduct are indispensible source of information that can be applied in unfamiliar situations as they will know what behaviour is expected of them. Codes of conduct are equally important for the more experienced professionals who may be habituated be outdated standards, which may not be adequate in the evolving area of healthcare and may prefer more traditional approaches to teamwork. There are now more moves in health care teams to be inter rather than multi discipline teams. Multi-discipline teams tend to be uni-disciplinary and work in professional isolation from each other. (Webster, 2002) Whereas inter-discipline teams take a more collaborative approach. In current practice, there is a heightened emphasis on collaboration between different types of practitioners, in order to escape restrictions imposed by traditional team structures. Collaboration can be defined as an interactive process requiring that the involved individuals combine their expertise, skills and resources to solve a problem or to achieve a goal. (Stichler, 1995) For example, joint assessments of patients by nurses and physiotherapists are becoming increasingly common. They include the advantages that the patient doesnt have to repeat information multiple times and the health care professionals will acquire a more comprehensive view of the patient as a whole. Through this fusion of knowledge a nd ideas a broader spectrum of information can be pooled to design a comprehensive care plan for the client. (Kalafatich, 1986) Thus a more comprehensive treatment plan, encompassing all aspects of the patients requirements, can be developed, ensuring improved care for the patient. Professional standards are essential in determining the scope and limitations of practice. Gibbons (2003) states that no single profession working in isolation can meet the care needs of a patient. Therefore, professionals need to recognise when their knowledge or scope of practice is limited and another profession would be more adept to treating a patient. However, the American Nurses Association (1994) reminds clinicians that they are only transferring the responsibility for the performance of the activity, not the professional accountability for overall care. As health care professionals are autonomous and self regulating, it is essential that codes of conduct are established to protect the patients own autonomy. Autonomy can be defined as self government or freedom of action. (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2008) The HPC Standards of Proficiency for Physiotherapists (2007) states that clinicians must be able to practice as an autonomous professional exercising their own profe ssional judgement. Conversely, this must be counterbalanced with gaining informed consent and respecting the wishes of the patient. In some cases, such as patients who lack mental capacity or are in a coma, this could prove difficult. Nevertheless, using the guidance from the codes of conduct, their own expertise and clinical reasoning and support from the health care team, the health care professional could attempt to inform and obtain consent from the patient and liaise with their carers, to provide the most appropriate treatment for the patient. Subsequently, codes of conduct play a vital role in justifying treatments and issues of accountability in the legal sphere. If professionals are abiding by the codes of conduct then their actions can be defendable. However, there are limits as to how much codes of conduct can guide behaviour within health care teams. Merely abiding by the standards does not necessarily result in an effective team. There are barriers which need to be considered which have the potential to hinder progress: levels of communication; clashes in personalities; tribalism; effects of outside pressures; lack of stability and lack of recognition of the skills of others. For example, a team member may find themselves in a situation which forces them to bridge the gap between a patients right to confidentiality and their own duty to report to their team. In this sense, it seems that the codes of conduct could be conflicting. Therefore, clinical reasoning must also be utilised to decide what is best for the patient. If health professionals truly aim to work in a patient centred environment then boundaries between disciplines need to be dissolved and mutually respected. Subsequently, focus can be placed fully upon the patient rather than tribalism and the over-protection of roles (Donnelly, 1999.) Perhaps more importance needs placing on shared learning experiences at an undergraduate level for physiotherapy, nursing and medical students, particularly to become more acquainted with each others professional standards. This could help to facilitate the teams of the future, as newly qualified professionals would already be accustomed to working with other healthcare disciplines. Consequently, they may be more likely and more informed to challenge traditional rigid structures of healthcare teams. In order to fully integrate teams and to allow them to function efficiently, different codes of conduct could be combined to produce generic shared values which all disciplines could work from in a particula r team. A philosophy as a working document will facilitate teamwork as all members of the team will share common values and beliefs that have been made explicit and open. (Jasper, 2002) In conclusion, for professional standards and codes of conduct to be relevant in current practice they must be understood and valued by all. For them to be applicable in future practice, it is essential that health professionals reflect in and on action. (Schà ¶n, 1983) Through this, they will not only improve their own practice, but also their contribution and the overall functioning of the team, which will in turn, have a beneficial impact upon the patient: the definitive goal.

Karen van der Zee’s book “A Secret Sorrow” Essay

The last two chapters of Karen van der Zees book, A Secret Sorrow, are very eventful. Chapter Eleven begins with Faye, one of the main characters, horrified by the question her boyfriend has just asked her. Kai, Faye?s boyfriend, has found a slip of paper that has slipped out of Faye?s wallet the previous Saturday morning. The slip of paper is from Doctor Martin recommending her to a psychiatrist by the name of Doctor Jaworski. Earlier in the book, Faye had a car accident that left her infertile, this is why she has seen the Doctor Martin. Her boyfriend Kai has no idea she is infertile. Faye doesnt want to tell him because she knows he looks forward to having children and she thinks he might not want her anymore. He is asking her about the referral slip given to here by Doctor Martin to see a psychiatrist. She is so terrified when he asks her about the slip that she collapses and bursts into tears. She finally tells him about her infertility. She is so overwhelmed by telling him she runs out and takes his car to her brother house. Karen van der Zees excerpt has many important aspects which keeps the reader involved in the story. One important aspect of the first few lines of the story is how the reader discovers the seriousness of the conflict. The narrator explains that Faye could feel the blood drain from her face and how the room tilted and swirled which signifies the seriousness of the dialogue. This leads the reader to realize that Faye is in an extremely emotional state of mind and that the conflict between the couple is very serious. Panic in the introduction seems to be the element that grabs the reader?s attention until they become involved in the story. Another important aspect of the story is the way the narrator explains the physical contact between Faye and Kai. The narrator is very important because it brings out the romance in the story and gives the reader the loving feeling. The narrator draws a mental picture for the reader by explaining Kai holding Faye with his hands that are warm and strong on her back and tears silently running down Fayes cheeks. This gives the reader that sort of romantic feeling which is appealing. The most important aspect of the story is the end. It is typical for most  romantic stories to have one of the main characters find the other and confess their love. This romantic story has a different approach. Kai walks to Fayes brother house and sits down beside her on the bed and tells her that she is his ?first and only choice?. He tells her that he loves her no matter what and they can always adopt children. Chapter Twelve, the final chapter, comes to a close with Kai and Faye sitting on the front porch of their home watching there adopted children. As they watch them Kai kisses Faye and says, Theyre true originals, like their mother. I wouldnt want it any other way.? In conclusion, the exerpt from the book A Secret Sorrow by Karen van der contains all of the fine elements of popular literature. Many people have trouble reading stories that are written in dialogue but this story can be easily read.

U.S. History 1919-1945 Notes

U. S. History notes Red Scare 1919: I. Mass hysteria II. Why: unrealistic irrational fear. A. Expectations up and down: 1. Prosperity: People are doubling income (1915 income: 408$ yr to 1920 835$ year) 2. Post war recession B. Super patriotism/Slackers (you’re a slacker if not a super patriot) 1. Committee for Public Relations (C. P. I. ) (Creel Committee) – Read propaganda papers, pushed conformity and supported Boy Scouts for war. 2. Espionage and sedition acts A. Clear and present danger: speech that presents this is not protected. cant yell fire in a theatre as a joke when there is no fire. Not protected by amendment). 3. Radicals: A. Industrial workers of the World (IWW): nicknamed Wobblies. Loudmouth aggressive workers, and when on strike did it vigorously to prove their point. Opposed WWI.Persecuted, charged with violating sedition acts, shut down and some thrown in jail. C. 1919 Incidents (convinced people that there are threats everywhere) 1. Bombs (mail bombs , one goes off in A. Mitchell Palmers yard so he constructed the Palmer Raids. People that went on strikes considered radicals). 2. Strikes A. Boston police: (19 police got fired for joining AFL so rest of boston police walked off the job) Coolidge convinced them they could not strike and had to go back to work, and most did. B. Steel: went on strike for higher wages, and better working conditions. C. Coal: went on strike for higher wages. 4. Centralia Massacre 11/11/19 * Wobblies thought they were going to be attacked so they opened fire on a parade that was taking place for Armistice Day. Wobblies kill a few men, allWobblies come out except for Wesley Everest who came out of the building firing at police killing one and he was eventually killed. (He was thought to be a crazy radical and a hero by some) III. Palmer Raids, Dec. 1919, Jan. 1920 – Thousands of immigrants are rounded up in cities from coast to coast, deported back to their home country or charged with a crime fo r being suspicious. Some 6-7,000 was rounded up in total. None of these people were charged with a crime when they were picked up, thus making it biggest violation of civil liberties in U. S. IV.End of Scare: May of 1920 the fear of radicals comes to an end. After WWI conformity begins and we lose a lot of cultural diversity. – Palmer (attorney general) creates Anti-Radical Division and appointed Edgar Hoover to lead it and go after radicals. – John L. Lewis: – Harding died in 1923, buried in hometown of Ohio. Had poor judgment of character, but never accused of accepting bribes. His administration collapsed bc of scandals. Harding got sick in Seattle, but a book was written about how his wife poisoned him. Harding: I. Teapot dome II. Lucid Press A. Gaston means, â€Å" The Death of Harding†B. Nam Britton, The Presidents Life – She claimed to be The presidents mistress and have sexual encounters in the White House Calvin Coolidge: – became p resident after Harding died. He was a Puritan, serious individual, and gained nickname â€Å"Silent Cal† for being very quiet and not talking much. Famous quote of his â€Å"They cant hang you for what you don’t say†. He was thought to be mean spirited (Laughed at others discomfort and misfortune). His wife was Grace Goodhue (she taught the deaf & blind), very friendly and positive influence on Coolidge and contributed to his success. Happy as V. P. c he didn’t have to do much. I. Silent Cal A. Bg B. Gov. > V. P. > President C. Cleans house – cleaned out the white house, trying to get rid of the corrupt people. Brought in Harlen Stone to bring back pride in W. H.. D. Pro Business and Capitalism – He kept the concept of pro business, was an old form of Capitalism. II. 1924 election – A. Democratic disarray – Took 100 ballots to elect representative. John Davis was Democrat’s choice. Republicans won. B. Progressi ve Party – supported Gov. Fallett, received over 4 mil votes. Disappeared after 1924. C. Republican majorities III. AdministrationA. Andrew Mellon – Old man, super rich, from Pitt, worked in steel business, owned coal, iron and steel mills. Tried to control aluminum market, didn’t work, but became even wealthier from this, volunteered service to help Republican Party to gain a positive environment. 1. Budget & accounting Act, 1921 – Harding admin. Part of modernization of American govt. 2. Revenue Act, 1921 – Coolidge admin. Established Tax rates, Cut top rate from 75% to 50% ended Excessive Profits tax. Tried to eliminate inheritance tax, didn’t work, doesn’t change lower income tax (realized this was a mistake). . Revenue Act, 1924 – Revenue acts created loopholes, made tax avoidance legal, but tax evasion was illegal. Coolidge Admin. Top rates drop again from 50% to 40%. Thought to trickle down and help the poor, and low ered poor income tax. Trickle down Economics came from these Revenue Acts. III. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Protective – 1922 (tariff is tax on imports) this taxed imports to protect domestic manufacturers. V. Balanced Budget 5. McNary-Haugen Veto, 1927, Over Production – estab. Commodity prices so farmers could make a profit. Congress passed this and Coolidge vetoed it. Controversial veto) Farmers started supporting other political leaders. 6. Hoover & Dept. of Commerce Consumerism Cont. I. Theory & structure: – Welfare capitalism: Trying to get better working conditions. II. Business as Religion – Bruce Barton III. Labor Reforms A. Taylorism * Frederick Taylor & two-motor studies B. Cellular Work Force: manufacturer’s organized their workers into groups called cells. Policed themselves, making it easier for people at higher position to have less people to watch over C. Pergs: Received bonus’s and pay raises for good work and got pe nsion plans.D. Company Unions: Yellow Dog – administered perks that went to union worker, not considered a real union group. * Councils: organized work force and dealt with stuff below management and relayed info. * Sports Teams: organized sport venues across America. E. Class Consciousness 1. Family structure a. Who works: husbands, wives, and kids do when they grow up and are old enough. b. Kids: Early childhood they sold goods to make $ for family. c. Gender roles: different sexual roles between men and women and cultural naturalism of sex. 2.Middle Class Reformers: thought if middle class family’s had less kids they would gain a better middle class status. Settlement houses 1. Hull house: ran by Jane Addams, middle class woman, supported by philanthropy. Helped uplift working class. 2. Assimilation goods a. Class: taught English, etiquette, daycare for kids, abuse programs, and cleanliness b. Ethnicity: Different ethnic groups go about their lives differently and e njoy different leisure activities. I. Auto Industry a. Sig 1. 20th century 2. Spin offs a. Steel production rises b. Closed cars (glass and leather) c. Rubber production increases d.Gasoline production increases and 4 strokes is mainly used for cars. e. Road: smoother roads were demanded. By 1920 $1billion dollars a year spent on new roads and $400 million a year on road maintenance. 3. Proliferation a. By 1912 – car sales are 150,000 yr. b. By 1921 – reaches 1 million a year. c. By 1930 – 23 mil. Sold and 1 in 5 people own a car. B. Henry Ford 1. Model T – prod. In 1908 and Model A produced in 1928. Added color to cars in 1928 due to competition. Sued a parts dealer bc Ford used the crates that the parts came in to build his model T car and they were randomly changed by the dealer who had no clue he used the wood. . Production efficiently and mass-produced on assembly line to help cost, wages and efficiency better. 3. Cost was 300$ a day and wages were 5 $ a day. C. William Crapo Durant, GM – financier/investor not a banker A. Buick, 1904 B. 1910: Ads Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Cadillac. C. Added Chevy (cheapest of these brands); acquires suppliers such as fisher body, Remy electric and DELCO. Cars at this time were self-starters, no keys used, just crank the engine and go. D. GMAC – General Motors Acceptance Corp. loaned you the money so you could buy a GMC. E. 1929 & Depression: Crapo lost GM and Durant owned it.Crapo had the idea of building a super market, putting everything into one big warehouse to make it more convenient, but before his idea came to life he died in 1933. D. Impact of Cars 1. Accidents and Death: 30,000-40,000 deaths a year. 2. Pollution: invisible pollution from 1920-60’s was terrible due to lead in the gasoline. Removed from gas in 1970. 3. Morality – people’s morals changed w/the use of more cars. (Lovers lane, social events, statutory rape) 4. Autonomy: traditional; car s gave people more individual and reinforced their autonomy. Cars are so culturally significant and reinforce individualism.IV. Radio Advertising: first mass media, by 1927 radio sales reached 20million plus a year. A. Psych Ads > behaviorist psychology: looking at people as a mass society, studying people and stimulus, measuring a response scientifically. Stimulus ad is a buying response. B. Radio: mass media – KDKA, 1920 – commercial station – 500 & 1922 – 500 radio stations across the country. 2 years and radio blanketed America. – NBC, 1926 – first radio network. Formed by RCA, General Electric and Westing House. By 1926 conglomerates start to squeeze out the independent radio station owners. Amos and Andy, 1928: comedy radio show, black ethnic humor. 1st show that acquired a single sponsor (Pepsodent toothpaste) C. Planned obsolescence – used engineers to create certain products. – Tech Shift: continually buying new technology products. Not really a new product, just a way to stimulate the economy by making people want to buy something new. Immigration & 2nd KKK I. Old and new immigration – Old immigrants were 19th century ones coming from Britain, Germany, Ireland and other Northern Englanders. New immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Russian Jews (Pale), and Slavs and Greeks).II. Nativism & Restrictionist – A. Origins: 1. late 19th century 2. red scare: immigrant radical scare 3. Eugenics: fake science, ignorant people claiming a false fact. A. Madison Grant, â€Å"The passion of the Great Race, 1916† – refers to (WASP) White Anglo-Saxxon People who are going to ruin and change American culture. B. Anti-Semitism rises (anti-Jew) – III. KKK A. Rise in Atlanta, 1915 1. Col. Simmons – Runs the KKK 2. Birth of a Nation, 1915 – First recognizable movie. About American Civil War. KKK depicted as heroic in a sense. D. W . Griffith created movie reels and he’s a filmmaker. 3.Edward Clarke – comes up with KKK costumes and KKK words. He’s in it for the money and business. B. Peak 1924 – peak of the KKK. 4. 5 Mil members and dominate 7 states (Ok, Cal, Chi, Ind. are a few) 1. Political Clout – 2. Rural and Urban C. Fall 1925 1. David Stinson, Indiana – friend of Indian govt. Ed Jackson, used KKK to enrich himself, raped secretary and she tried to poison herself and died a few weeks later and Stevenson charged w/2nd degree rape and murder. This was tied into KKK. 2. Other Factors IV. Restriction Legislation A. 1917 Immigration Act – starts process of restricting certain immigrants. . Head Tax – not free to move to America. 8$ was the head tax. 2. Literacy Test – proving you can read and write in a language. Didn’t want mentally incompetent people coming into the country. B. Quota Acts – limits foreign-born number of immigrants. 1. 1921 Immigration Act – 358,000 accepted (3% of 1910 census) (200,000 were N. W. Englanders). These were the new immigrants from S. E. Europe. 2. 1924 Immigration Act – 150,000 accepted (2% of 1890 census and 132,000 could come from N. W. Europe) CRIME AS ENTERTAINMENT I. Leopold and Loeb, 1924 – smart genius kids, lived in San Fran.A. â€Å"Perfect Murder† – Bobby Franks was the 14 yr old kid they killed. Led him to a vacant lot and bludgeoned him to death. Leopold dropped his glasses at the crime scene. Police caught them and Loeb cracked first. Loeb was sexually attracted to Franks so that was his reason to kill him and Leopold was convicted as the accomplice. B. Defense 1. Clarence Darrow – Attorney of the 2 and he tried to convince the judge that they were mentally diseased. Became known as the insanity defense from then on. Both convicted to life in prison. C. Spectacle 1. â€Å"The Rope† etc. A film by Alfred Hitchcock based off the Leopold and Loeb murder. II. Hall-Mills murder, 1922-26 A. Rev. Halls and Mrs. Mills – bodies were found in a lover’s lane. No clear evidence of who did it. Allegations of Mills brothers killing them and Hall’s wife had killed them. B. Trial – only evidence here was the love affair between them 2. 1. Politics 2. Pig Woman – Pig farm was about a mile away. Daughters farmer was â€Å"pig woman† bc of her residence and appearance. She didn’t see anything just heard noise of a car/gun fire. Mother claims daughter is retarded and no one ever found out who killed them.C. Spectacle 1. Radio – Halls and Mills trial was played out over the radio for the 4 year duration of the entire event and everyone was acquitted. III. Lindbergh Kidnapping, 1932 – famous pilot who flew around the world. Lindbergh and wife lived out in country. A. Kidnapped, March 1932 – Lindbergh son was kidnapped out of 2nd story room and a lad der and ransom note were left behind. Lindberg paid a ransom, but his son was never returned. B. Trial 1. Bruno Hauptman – German immigrant accused of crime. Wood used to make ladder was from Hauptman house. He was found with some of the ransom money.Found guilty and executed. A year later the baby’s body was found. C. Spectacle 1. â€Å"Trail of the Century† – Charles Lindbergh went into hiding with his wife and they moved out of the country then back to Hawaii in a secluded area where he had to fly to get there. MOVIE INDUSTRY I. Tech Shift – movies offered motion pictures however it was 2D on a flat screen. Nickelodeons were first movie viewing attractions. Movies weaned people from nickelodeons to movie theaters. A. 3D > 2D – 1920’s shift from nickelodeons to movie theaters, attracting people bc its larger a larger than life, moving picture with music.Started in the 19teens and became a cultural phenom. B. Motion Picture 1. Gre at Train Robbery, 1903 – lasted 8 minutes 2. Motion Picture Patent Co. 1918 – Located in New Jersey, tried to create a monopoly around NYC in the movie industry 3. Independents – they didn’t agree the Motion Picture Patent Co. so they packed up and headed west. 1st stop was Flagstaff, Arizona. Settled in a town north of L. A. II. Tinsel town: Hollywood’s nickname. (1912 – 13,000 movie places, 500 in NY. Attendance by 1922 40 million and 100 million by 1930. 1925 Movie industry was 4th largest. Birth of a Nation† recognized as first reel movie, had 12 reels, was hours long, made by D. W. Griffith. ) A. Studios: squeezes true independents out; Paramount, fox, MGM, Republic, United Artist’s & Warner Bros. ) Tried to profit from every aspect possible by vertical integration. B. Stars: typecast people; people gravitated to certain actors. Clara Bow â€Å"it† girl C. Formulas III. Scandals A. Fatty Arbuckle, 1921 – c omedian in movies, despicable in real life, a person is killed of a drug overdose at his mansion, he is charged w/2nd degree murder and his movie career is over. B.Mary Pickford & Douglas Fairbanks – she divorces her first husband and married Fairbanks, her movie career was ruined by her growing old. In 1 movie she played 2 characters at the same time. IV. Censorship A. â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts†, 1924 – limited what was shown on the movie screen. B. Hays Commission – Will Hays enforced censorship; sex and violence (shown euphemistically not realistically). Sex sells so nudity was pushed as far as possible to draw bigger crowds. Golden Age of Sports I. Recreational A. Golf – # of courses tripled in the 20’s. Green fees and equipment fees were required to play. . Private-Elites 2. Municipal – Middle Class (W. C. Fields) B. Bowling: Goes back to the Dutch. 1. Duck Pins – 1st form of bowling, usually they were attach ed to saloons. Not for families at first, men usually went and drank. 2. Gentrification – 1920’s bowling teams went from 5 to 40,000 and it was more family oriented and people went to have a good time. C. Baseball Clubs 1. Urban/Industrial – baseball players were factory workers. Sponsored teams, urban and rural would travel to play each other. 2. Rural – people could just travel around looking for a team to join. II.Spectacle A. Golden Age of Baseball 1. Black Sox, 1919 – Chicago white sox accepted money from gamblers to throw the game and lose in the World Series. * Judge Landis – He had power over baseball to enforce rules keeping it fair and just. â€Å"Juiced ball† – after Landis stepped to power he supposedly juiced the ball making it easier to hit homers. (he kept Negros separate from white baseball) 2. Babe Ruth: 22 Yrs. – in the 1920’s he was a home run king. B. College Football 1. The Gate: 50,000 people watched first game. 20million was spent on football by 10million fans.Bowl games were invented after the sport kept growing. 1902 Rose Bowl started. 1935 Sugar Bowl started taking place at Tulane. Univ. of Chicago was a founder of College football and they dropped it bc of the money and how famous football became and not the college itself. 2. Icons: Knut Rockne & â€Å"Gipper† C. Boxing 1. Promoter: Tex Rickand 1. Dempsey vs. Carpienteir – 1921 – this fight drew $1Million 2. Dempsey vs. Tuney, 1926 – Tuney beat Dempsey by dancing around and not allowing Dempsey allowing to get hit. $1. 8 million in revenue 3.Rematch, 1927 â€Å"Long Count† Dempsey didn’t retreat to neutral corner and a long count was then given to Tuney to get up, which he did, danced around and didn’t allow Dempsey to hit him and he ended up winning. III. Sports & Class A. Working Class Baseball B. Elite College Football – designed to be a microcosm of leadership positions. You have to be tough. Expectations to be brave and go all out. * Amateur Ideal – WASP (ethnocentric) * 1910 NCA is formed to minimize the deaths and injuries around football, enforced rules and eliminated certain plays and added pads/helmets. * 1896 Amos Stagg forms the Western Conference. Referred to as â€Å"Ringers† (non-college student playing football). Now they are known as the â€Å"Big 10†. * NFL formed in 1920’s. George Halas was one of the founders. Became an owner, player and coach of the Staley Bears who changed their name to Chicago Bears. These players were working class men and college players. * In 1920’s College All America team played NFL all starts, but stopped in late 20’s bc NFL was getting to good and it was adults vs. kids eventually. IV. College Football Origins A. Anglo-Saxon Ethnocentrisms 1. Social Darwinism, Gilded Age 1. Herbert Baxter Addams – classic trained scholar A. Germ Theor y† – a democratic germ theory the A. S. take with them wherever they go electing their race. Picking your scholars based on merit, i. e. : meritocracy. (Basically being born into a family of power) B. Tacitus, Germania – history of German tribes, a meritocracy. 2. Saxon Warrior Culture – this warrior type leadership establishes college football (choose the best to be display their talent) V. NEW WOMAN â€Å"1920’s† I. Middle & Upper Class A. Club Women – married women who formed women’s clubs (General Federation of Women’s Clubs forms in 1892. There are 500 members and by 1917 there are 1 million women club members.B. Professional 1. Single – (Unmarried) 2. Role Model or Feminist? – not doing this to represent womankind just doing it for their personal reasons. C. Planned Parenthood – Margaret Sanger, middle class woman who tried to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Aimed at working class. This ends u p being effective to the single unmarried women who stay childless and want to keep the job they have. II. Working Class â€Å"Flapper† – These women was flat chested, wore short dress and smoked cigarettes type of bitch. Rough language, went out at night, danced and had fun times. – Aspired to marry up into the middle class. A.Peiss Thesis – working class women establish the working class phenomenon, trying to reform the working class women. Didn’t work to well so they picked up some of the working class ways. B. Middle Class 1. Freud Popularized – for mental health let your proclivities run free, to much repression results in bad symptoms 2. â€Å"Latent Hypocrisy† – Blatantly expressing ideas they don’t practice. Behavior as well as rhetoric that pushed culture. SCOPES TRIAL – trying to do away with Darwinism theory. Became known as the Butler Act. Teaching Darwinism in school was illegal and this passed in 3 s tates, Tennessee being 1.I. Dayton vs. Chattanooga: Wins this trial. Dayton agrees to be put on trial if Dayton members are present at court. II. The Trial A. Judge Raulston: wanted to get publicity from this. B. Prosecution 1. Hicks and Bryan – C. Defense 1. Darrow & Malone, et al – famous lawyers from past cases. Malone is a sophisticate from NY. III. The Argument A. Prosecution – Limit – limit trial to simple Yes/No questions. B. Defense – Expand – expand the case based on speaking the truth and including constitutional exceptions. Against 1st amendment for speaking the truth. 1. â€Å"Greatest Speech† – C. Decision 1.One Expert – Judge allowed 1 expert witness for future appeals D. The Monkey House – referred to Darrow & Malone’s decision to be the one expert that the judge would allow. 1. Cross-examination IV. Verdict A. Trial – John Scopes violated Butler Act and was fined but never had to pay the fine and the verdict was thrown out later down the road. B. Public Opinion – he wins in the court of public opinion, but was convicted in the court of Dayton. Aime Semple MacPherson I. Four Square Gospel – started a gospel in the suburb outside of L. A. church services were new, strange and she conducted herself like a movie star.Became a minor figure in the 1930’s and died in the 40’s. traditionalist who tried to use modern technologies and it backfired. II. Sensual Debauch – III. Scandal Art & Literature, 1920’s I. Lost Generation – so many ppl were killed and it seemed that generation was lost. Referred to as the high culture A. Why so glum? 1. General Cynicism 2. WWI A. Age of Irrationalism – WWI makes no sense. Tactics were irrational, terrorism started and countries were thought to be a bit barbaric. B. All quiet on the western Front, 1929. Eric Remarque – everyone dies 3. Sartre Existentialism â₠¬â€œ brand of philosophy.It means we exist and that’s all there is to life. Everything (religion, politics, etc. ) is all made up. The only lasting society connecting people is fiction. B. Any Joy? 1. Roaring 20’s 2. Behaviorist and psych C. Lit. A. Sinclair Lewis – critically acclaimed. Fits into cynical idea. 1. Main Street, 1920 – is about a woman who is married well and prosperous, but she is unhappy and runs off to a suburban town. 2. Babbitt, 1922- characterization of midwestern life. Became a midlife crisis story and he desired an affair. He was an unhappy individual. B. HL Mencken – refers to middle class as the booshwazee.He falls off the charts and people get ignored of him in 1930’s (pro Nazi) he continues to edit supporting young writers, promoting the next gen of writers. 1. Baltimore Sun D. F. Scott Fitzgerald – novels are glum and cynical. He produced great American literature. Born in 1896, St. Paul, Minnesota and died in 1940. (Alcoholic). He had many failing business’s. I. Bg. & youth A. St. Paul, 1896 B. Princeton > Army – sent to Princeton where he started writing his first book â€Å"this side of paradise†. 1917 joined army. Didn’t return to Princeton just wrote short stories. II. Zelda Sayre – his wife whom he met while training in the army.A. Southern Belle – B. Nervous Breakdown C. Jazz age couple – â€Å"Scott and Zelda† – they were drunk most of their lives, living the high life, appearing to be frivolous, she got sick, was placed in a care facility so Scott could keep writing and then he died of liver disease due to alcoholism. III. Career: * â€Å"Great Gatsby†, 1925 – secures his literary career. Its about Gatsby whose a WWI vet who acquires wealth. In the end Gatsby dies without accomplishing his goals and dreams. Told by a narrator on the outside looking in. About old money and new money. Sad genera tion story that fits into the lost generation era. This Side of Paradise, 1920 – also about the last generation. * Tender is the Night, 1934 – acclaimed and a movie was made out of it. It’s about a touching, loving family and the husband has a nervous breakdown that destroys the family. Drawn from Fitzgerald’s own personal life. * Short Stories – * Hollywood, 1939 – went to Hollywood to earn more money. He was a scriptwriter. Dies here in 1940, the last one he worked on was farewell my lovely. * The Last Tycoon, 1940 – published after his death. About Hollywood producers, scandals from the 1920’s Hollywood tinsel town era. IV. EvaluationErnest Hemingway: Split-Minded I. Bg. 1. Oak Park, 1898 – close to the prairie, spent all his time in the outdoors and skipped school. He worked for a living all the time, had a salary, didn’t just write. 2. Kansas City Star – was a stringer for the paper, trained as a journ alist from ground up, bc hes an outdoorsman his intellectual curiosity draws him to WWI where he drives an ambulance and participates in some attacks. II. WWI A. Italian Front B. â€Å"The Wound† – He was on the front line when a bomb hit his squad and wounded him in the groin area, this wound was thought to have ruined his manhood by others.He convalesces in a Italian hospital and this was the end of his frontline career. Went from here to Toronto Star. III. Paris A. Toronto Star – B. Expatriates – apart of this group, but also critique’s them. C. Serious Writings: – Men w/o Women, 1920 – (cult of masculinity – refers to flight from domesticity, relates back to Daniel Boone) Manly men doing manly things in a manly way, women are not needed. – In Our Time, 1924 – A Farewell to Arms, 1929 The Sun Also Rises, 1926 – People struggling to find relationships due to tough times, not trying to write about â€Å"t he lost generation† but inevitably was.His phrase was â€Å"The earth abides†. IV. War Correspondent A. Spanish/Civil War – 1. For When the Bell Tolls B. WWII V. Noble Prize, 1954 – he received this, but felt this was a mind block afterwards bc he thought all his work had to be up to the standard of winning the prize. A. Existentialism & â€Å"Old Man and the Sea† – existentialism will push you toward adventures but you don’t have to push it toward tragedy. Old man and the sea is about a Cuban going out on a tiny sailboat and catches a sailfish bigger than his boat.On the way back onto the shore he is attacked by sharks who want to eat the dead sailfish, but fails and when he gets to shore the sharks have eaten mostly all the fish, and the Cuban man stumbles back to his shack feeling hes a failure and felt worthless. The townspeople saw the fish bones and thought of the fisherman as a success even though he was asleep when the peop le were viewing this, not knowing what they had thought. VI. â€Å"The Code† – men doing manly things, being a man in a manly way. This is a way men can preserve masculinity in a real way by doing manly things. Charles Lindbergh, 1902 – 1974 I. Bg. biggest hero of the 1920’s for everyone at this time. A. Minnesota + Washington DC – born in Minn. In 1902. Mother name was â€Å"Lands† and her mom was a dentist. Lindbergh family was very rich. Didn’t socialize well and was left out, had few friends, and his dog was his best friend. Always referred to his dog as his best friend. Moved to D. C. to spend time w/his dad and was around congress and politics. II. Tech & Airplanes – A. Univ. of Wisconsin, 1920 – attended the univ. and had an apartment w/his mom off campus. He had bad grades so he and his mom took time away and went on a road trip to Cali. B.Flying 1. Excelsion in Nebraska – Acquires a excelsior motorcyc le and when he got back to Minnesota he traded it for a Jenny Airplane, then flew it to Lambert Field. 2. Lambert Field, St. Louis – huge aviation place. 3. Flying Circuses – traveled with the circus and did airplane acrobatics, made money doing this. (Parachute jumping, airplane walking, and other ways to earn money. ) 4. Army, 1924 – enlisted in Army Air core. Army had best airplanes and he joined so he could fly the best and fastest airplanes. Received Ceremonial General and Army didn’t want Lindbergh in army bc he didn’t fit into the system. . Airmail, 1926 – Lindbergh’s plane crashed 2x and he took the mail with him when he bailed out. Crashed due to flying into bad weather. Got the name â€Å"lucky lindy† bc of this. III. 1927 A. The Accomplishment – he planned to fly across the Atlantic from N. Y. to Paris. Tried to buy a mono winged airplane, was unable to so he contacted Ryan Aircraft in San Diego to buy one fro m them. St. Louis bankers gave him money to buy it as long as their name was on the plane. His planes name was â€Å" Spirit of St. Louis†. He made the trip in about 33 hours, only being about 20 miles off of the destination in Paris.He flew around looking for the field and people heard him and they parked their cars creating a runway with the cars headlights. B. â€Å"Well, we made it† – what Lindbergh has said when he landed and got out of the plane. said â€Å"we† bc he was talking about his him and his plane that made the trip. C. Why such a hero? – Hero bc he made it, survived, worldwide jubilation, became a celebrity, wrote a book called â€Å"we†. Caused Great Depression I. Structuralist II. Monetarist (Rose and Milton Friedman) A. Depression Cycles 1. Runs and stop payments 2. Positive result B. Federal Reserve 1. Benjamin Strong – one of 12 presidents of a fed.Reserve bank. Dominated fed. Reserve systems. Became defacto chair man of the Fed. Reserve banks. Died in 1928. After he died their was squabbling and fighting to become next president overseer. 2. Bank of the U. S. C. F. D. R. Failure 1. Moratorium (temporarily stopping business) – cause a sensation of banking monetarily by shutting them down for a few months. Hoover proposed this but would not establish it until the next president came to office. F. D. R. declines this and wants to come up with his own idea. 1932-33 no bank moratorium happened and this is when banks failed and 14 out of 48 states only had open banks.Great Depression Stats and Conditions I. Business A. US Steal, ex. – Operating at 19. 1% capacity. In 1928 made and sold 60 locomotives and in 1933 they only sold 1. B. Stock Market – stocks dropped to 11% total loss of $74 billion. Money and wealth disappeared. C. Banks – (5,000) D. Bankruptcy – 86,000 businesses declared bankruptcy and many others just shrank. E. G. N. P. (Gross Nat’l Produc t) – 124$ billion in 1928 and 1933 dropped to 41 billion. Economy shrank by over 60%. Started in ’29 and continues to summer of ’33. II. Families A. Wages – 1928 a family of 4 needs $2000 a year to exist.Making less than this you’re poor. In 1932 average family wage is $16. 21 a week making it less than $1000 a year. %60 of families below poverty line. Almost 2/3 of the U. S. population is poor. B. Evictions – people losing their homes and in 1932 273,000 people are evicted, losing their homes. C. Emigration > immigration – more people were leaving the U. S. than people were entering the U. S. D. Unemployment – 15-17 Million people unemployed and 34 million were affected. (Industrial type of family) For agricultural families they had a family size of 7-8, and 11 million were affected.With this combined 1/3 of the U. S. population was unemployed. III. Why No Revolution? Hitler comes to power in the 1930’s in Europe. No revolution in the U. S. A. Guilt – American population blamed themselves, known as the protestant work ethic. (God favors the rich and hard working, you will be successful if you work hard. If you fail its your fault bc the U. S. is land of opportunity. Citizens are inclined to blame themselves during the depression, thinking its God’s punishment for the behavior that went on in the 1920’s. ) Altruistic suicide – Neil Dunkein came up with this.The father/husband thinks that his family will be better without him bc he is a failure and dragging the family down. B. Radical Heritage C. Business Success A. Alfred Butts – created scrabble and became rich B. Howard Johnson – opened up an ice cream shop that became a successful business chain next to movie theatres and became rich C. J. Paul Ghetto – in the oil industry, his industry didn’t go under like most did. He bought up bankrupt oil companies and became a multi billionaire by c onverting oil factories to gas ones. IV. FARMS – 90% in 1770’s to 30% in the 1930’s and less than 2% today. People are migrating off farms.Declining farm commodities is driving people away. A. Prices drop – wheat is 25 cents, oats 10 cents, hogs and beef 2 ? cents per lb. , corn 7 cents a bushel. Costs a $1. 10 to raise a sheep and sell wool and you can only make 1$ back. Prices are not enough to be sufficient. No profit to be made. Drought comes upon farmers in the 30’s and makes it worse. B. Dust Bowl – refers to a geographic area out in the Oklahoma & Texas panhandle, parts of Kansas and New Mexico. Oklahoma got the image as being from the dust bowl. Long-term thing that pushed people of their land and went out west looking for jobs. Outsiders called those people â€Å"Okies†.V. The Dole – refers to private charity in place when unemployment hits. A. Local Relief – $5. 50 a week from charity a week, 286$ a year in Philly. NY is $2. 37 a week, 123$ a year & Mississippi is $1. 50 a week, 178$ a year. You have to be completely broke (no relatives to live with, no home, no job and if you accept this your kids cant go to school bc your not paying taxes since you have no property bc people pay taxes to support schools). B. Stigma VI. Middle Class Impact A. Psych Burden – Falls on the women, creating a return to domesticity. Returns to wife and mother stayiat home doing housework. B.Street Smarts – finding ways to save money (dine and dash, repairing your shoes on your own instead of buying new ones if falling apart, reusing bed sheets, filling up on as much food for as little as possible) VII. Changing US Attitudes A. Business status decreases B. Family Structure 1. â€Å"Holding their own† –Women holding their own as the domesticity returns. C. Federal Status/Image- only federal action can cure the situation. Acceptance of federal presence in everyone’s live s (G-men come about, FBI ^) D. Changing U. S. Appearance – pollution declines, water and air is cleaner, traffic is less, petty crimes increase.Movies increase as well as gas production. Okie migration, black farmers are leaving the farms in the south. Herbert Hoover – 1874-1964 I. Beginning: 19th century traditionalist A. In 1895 he had 40$, invested it and in 1908 had $4million B. Youth: he was orphaned off from Iowa he went to Oregon at age 7. C. Stanford – B. S. 1895 1. Elected class treasurer, ran for office 2x and won both. Graduated with a B. S. in Geology. D. Hard rock miner – mining through granite, igneous rock, rocks that require blasting and you go 1,000s of feet underground. 1. Nevada: 1895-97 – worked here in the silver boom-mining period.Lost his job when the rush was over, so he didn’t give u, he went to Alaska unemployed. 2. Alaska Gold Rush: 1897 A. Afghan Mine – closed abandoned mine. Hoover investigated and using h is geology skills he found that their was more gold to be found. Goes around and raises 500,000$ to onstruct a deep rock mine. He was successful and they dug out $55 million worth of gold and the investors got a 10$ million dollar profit. With this success he became a mining consultant. 3. Consultant – he became a mining consultant; going around helping mine companies dig in mines and be more successful and sufficient.E. World Travels 1. Boxer Rebellion 1900 –Boxers were rebelling the Chinese emperor about the European influence. Hoover was in Peking China with his wife and saved innocent victims from a burning building. 2. WWI – too old to fight, but is helping out with distributing American soldiers on the line. Serves on Commission of Relief, distributing relief to soldiers throughout the war. Food Admin was set up and it wasn’t doing very well so Hoover was appointed to this administration making it work terming it Hooverizing the administration due t o the success with him in charge. F. Sec. f Commerce – Harding was elected Hoover became Sec. of Commerce. II. Hoover and depression A. President, 1928-32, 29-33 – B. Causes of Depression – Stock market crashed in ’29, Hoover believed not to do anything thinking it would weed out the inefficient and the country will just ride it out. He believes the problems are external rooting from WWI debts such as war debts and reparation, thinking the European weakness was dragging us down. During the depression he was encouraging everyone, keeping businesses open, not striking or firing employees, but he was becoming aware this was doing nothing significant. C. Policy 1.Inaction – did nothing to help the economy until he realized the economy wouldn’t recover itself. 2. Action – By 1929 he enacted a Tax cut on the Ag. Market known as Ag. Marketing Act. This was enactive so the fed came up with $5mil for Ag farmers to purchase excess farm material and store them until the commodity price rose and they could sell it back off. This was ineffective in 1929 as well. Smoot Hawley Tariff was created raising tariff from 50 to 100% meant to be a wall protecting the American economy from the weak European economy. He then enacted a 1 year free of paying off loan payments from the European countries to the U.S. this did not work either. III. Bonus Army, 1932 : Hoover in 1932 enacted the Recon. Finance Corp. – meant to give large corporations 2. 5$ billion in loans in the states to do corporate work hiring workers, making the money trickle down. Doesn’t work either. Doesn’t work. Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 was created loaning money to banks so people could keep their houses, renegotiating mortgage rates and avoid foreclosure. The breathing space of a few months did not stall the foreclosure rates, just stalled it, bc if people still were unemployed they couldn’t pay the banks. Stipulations given to WWI veter ans. A.WWI Adjusted (compensation certificates, 1924) B. Walter â€Å"Hot† Waters – gave fiery speeches at govt. advocating that payments to veterans be paid now not wait unitl the 1940’s. Characterized as leader of the veteran movement. Wanted a march on Washington bc Hoover vetoed this bill allowing vets to be paid early. C. Congress vs. Hoover D. American Legion – veteran organization, they opposed early payment; do not support bonus march on Washington. They support Hoover and his veto of early payments. E. Bonus March, summer 1932 – veterans were mostly homeless, they hopped on trains and hitchhiked and there were in-between 10-20,000 appear in D.C. They flocked to Potomac flats and set up shanty towns/boxes for housing. Requires a structured living quarters. I. Anacostia Flats – some of these veterans move into rundown buildings and factories. When the police tried to remove them they threw bricks and stuff to ward off the cops. 1. Hoo ver image vs. Reality – he was considered to be unsympathetic and hard nosed. 2. Gen. D. MacArthur – Helped assist the Washington police to remove veterans from the buildings w/army warfare and they destroyed the buildings and encampments as well. Looked scary and really bad on the live newsfeed that captured it.Hoover did not order this, MacArthur did this on his own. Hoover criticized MacArthur in private voicing his displeasures. II. Hoover Reviled – Reviled bc his image was him ordering the veterans to me killed and removed when in fact this was not true. Hoover blankets (sleeping on benches covered with newspapers), hoovervilles (living quarters made out of cardboard shacks), and hoover hog (whatever edible food you could find and make or eat) was named while he was president. Last stint as a huge public icon. A. Pop Culture B. Election C. Rehabilitation, 1950 and 60 FDR & New DealsI. FDR – Most dominant political figure in American history, elec ted 4 straight times. He felt it was appropriate and just the fact that he could get elected tells how powerful and influential he was. A. Beginning and youth. He was distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. Heritage went back to a wealthy English family that was luxurious and didn’t have to work bc the family had millions. Grew up in the rich community, but he was hard working man who went to a private academy and attended Harvard. Worked as Police Commissioner in NY and served as assistant secretary of the navy.B. Polio, 1921 – attacks fluid in spinal column and kills nerves, paralyzing hips, knees and legs. If moved to you’re diaphragm then you had the aggressive type. Roosevelt had non-aggressive and was paralyzed from the waist down. He caught this when on vacation while on a party boat that housed a dozen or so people. Swimming back to the boat caught his polio after he swam from an island. Without polio he supposedly would not have the same success he would without it. People that voted for him knew he had polio. II. 1932 Election A. Gov. of NY B.New Deal – provide people with a do over, that would rescue the country from the depression. C. Brain Trust – old progressive idea. Means he relies on expert knowledge. Hiring people in fields that are the smartest, president doesn’t know everything of every field. These people were his Brain Trust’s listed below. They were the ones advising him on what decisions to make. He would make final decision of their arguments on certain topics. A. Ray Moley – â€Å"the mole† pro business, wrote some of early speeches for FDR. B. Louie Howe – FDR’s oldest friend. Helped him with rehab and stayed by his side.Grounding to reality type of person to keep him intact with reality. C. Jim Farley – liaison between White House and Democrats. D. Harry Hopkins – Became the face of the New Deal. Head of WPA. E. Rexford Tugwell – Head of TPA. Economics professor at Columbia Univ. III. 1st 100 Days, 1st New Deal – outpouring of legislation. 14 major pieces of legislation were passed. This means congress passed legislation that were not finalized, they were outlined, congress passed them and president Roosevelt ok’ed them. A. First inaugural – the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Pep talk to not get people depressed. B. FDR StyleA. Pragmatist – mot tied to any ideology, makes decisions based on certain instances. He calls himself this, not publicly, but he thinks of himself as a political quarterback. Make radical ideas until the economy is back to par, and then he will become conservative. B. Final Arbiter – he had the final say so in the cabinet and if you didn’t agree you got out. C. Genius? Yes and No. Wasn’t always the brightest, he was a second class student, but confident in the ideas and philosophies he did have. 1. Intellect 2. Empathy and charisma â €“ people liked him bc he had this, just something that came naturally. D. Use of Media – 1.Fireside Chats – people listed to his speeches by the fire, communicating directly to people in their living rooms. Big power that he used to his advantage. 2. 16 Friends – FDR controlled the press, most of these were paper editors. He used these informal friends to write stories, shave stories for the better and not tell some stories in their papers. 3. Govt. Shorts – refers to short films, promoting various govt. programs. â€Å"The Plow that Broke the Plains† and â€Å"The River†. Appeared in the movie theatres that were in-between movie films. IV. Eleanor’s Role – FDR’s wife. Allowed herself to be used by her husband for political purposes.If he was unsure about an idea how it would play with the public, he would have his wife propose the issue, looking like she would give them the idea, and the President and cabinet membe rs would wait for the press to respond and see how they took the news to know if it would be a good idea. Helped insulate her husband from political fallout when necessary. V. 1st 100 days & 1st New Deal A. Cabinet 1. Henry Wallace 2. Harold Ickes 3. Frances Perkins –1st female cabinet member, lawyer by training. 4. Harry Hopkins B. Legislation 1. Banking Crisis – over 5,000 banks closed and people that had money in them lost it all.A. Bank holiday – declared bank holiday over fireside chats closing all banks for 1-2 weeks. Designed to make the public be less panicky. B. Banking Act – Gives President authority to close the banks. Takes U. S. off gold standard. Paper money no longer tied to amount of gold in federal repository. C. Glass-Steagle Act – June of 1933, reform legislation. Separates commercial and investment banking. Establishes FDIC, still in place today. 1. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. $5,000 limit at the tim e. 2. National Industrial Recovery Act – 1st solution to recover the industrial industry.Created NRA (National Recovery Administration). A. NRA & Blue Eagle – symbols of politics B. Public works: PWA – NRA oversaw this. $3 Billion went to support PWA projects, paid %40-60, which was labor costs. C. Codes of Fair Competition 1. Title 1, Section 7A 3. Agricultural Adjustment Act A. Goals B. Actions – encouraged farmers to destroy livestock and crops. 1. Short Term – 2. Long term – Estab. program of subsidy to farmers to limit them on their crop growth C. Criticism – burning of crops and killing livestock b/c people are on the streets starving at the time. If you’re going to subsidize farmers farm everyone else.D. Success – stops downward spiral of overproduction. 4. Civilian Conservation Corps A. Goals – Create jobs for youth men – Employs some 300,000 men, segregated B. Program – employ males in t he age range of 18-25 that are married and jobless. 30$ monthly. Doing natural resource work (fighting fires, building buildings, fixing up communities, conservation type work). C. Criticism- CCC men are referred to as Military Brown Shirts. This is compared to things going on in Germany. People assert this to Roosevelt’s private army. D. Success – did a 180-degree swing and became very successful based on the pics.Becomes one of the most popular ideas out of the New Deal. 5. Tennessee Valley Authority A. Goals B. Accomplished C. Criticism D. Success New Deals I. Evaluations: A. Relief: Roosevelt credited w/preserving American democratic institutions. B. Recover: Considered to be a failure. WWII solved the depression not the reforms. C. Reform: put into place regulations, preserving prosperity. Insufficient reforms or to many reforms had be pulled back and repealed? Women and Great Depression I. Family status: A. Marriage: rates decline. Put on hold b/c of uncertainty of the future. B.Divorce: rates decline. Increased in the 1920’s, but collapsed in the 30’s due to having to separate and having a lack of opportunities outside of marriage. C. Births: declining rates. II. Ag Women: A. Rates are down: Ag families having 5-6 kids per family are becoming less. B. Rural Electrification – electricity to the farms were beneficial and helped even during the depression. 1935 1-10 Farms have electricity. 1941 4-10 farms have electricity. III. Working women: A. 1930 Census: 11 million women working constitute 24% of female population and are 22% of all workers at the time. B. 940 Census: 13 million women working constitute 25% of the female population and are 25% of all the workers at the time. IV. Gender Roles and Feminism A. Domesticity is up – the word feminism changes in its connotation. B. Role Models: 1. Feminist’s – Eleanor has an all female staff, gaining training in political world. 2. Traditional – s erving her husband as first lady. Women in sports represented the new woman in the 1920’s. In the 30’s you had to be beautiful and have female qualities if you wanted to be an athlete. All women were expected to be attractive. Depression Hollywood I.Stats – 60-80 movies a week and 500 a year. 1930’s attendance was 10 million. Quarter for adult and 10 cents for a kid. In between movies you saw cartoon, govt. short or other reels. II. Studios: MGM, 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Warner Bros. and RKO are the only studios that survived. Continue in vertical integration and wanted to control everything, working out deals to make profits and show movies in each other’s studios. A. Formula Evolution III. Cynicism in 1934: Hollywood is pushing censorships. IV. Censorship Est. : A. Production Code, 1930 – sometimes called the 10 commandments for movies of what they can and cant do.Violence is euphemistic, human relationships are moderated. B. Movies 19 31-33: by this time the producers are violating their own codes. Brief depictions of female nudity. Scandalous and boycotting are becoming threatening. Uproar is so great that Hollywood takes action, thinking htat if audience wont come then they finally stop with this and hire joseph Breen to view and censor movies from 1934 on. C. Joseph Breen: looks at scripts and tears out the parts that can’t be portrayed. (You can say pregnant in movies, so you say a woman is expecting.You can’t show a woman and man in bed unless one of them has a foot on the floor even if married. Hetero-social circumstances disappear due to the thought of scaring the audience away and losing money. ) Dance/musicals are the only way a man and woman can be embracing and moving in the 1960’s. V. Up Beat A. Hollywood 1934 – IV. Women’s Roles A. Light and Dark – means virtuous woman (light woman) and she always gets the guy at the end. The dark woman (licentious woman) who goes after the guy and gets him for a moment eventually comes to a bad head and he goes to get the light woman.